The U.S. urgently needs thousands of air traffic controllers. Here’s what the job requires.

The recent government shutdown shed light on a critical issue within the nation’s aviation system: the shortage of air traffic controllers. With controllers being forced to work without pay during the 43-day closure, the challenge of finding and retaining qualified individuals for these crucial roles has become even more apparent.

According to Tim Kiefer, a retired air traffic controller and current professor of air traffic management at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, the political turmoil surrounding government funding is not an ideal environment for attracting new talent to the field. The shutdown led to an increase in the number of controllers opting for retirement, which could deter younger individuals from pursuing careers in air traffic control.

As of 2024, the U.S. was facing a shortfall of around 4,000 air traffic controllers compared to the Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA) target staffing level. The agency aims to hire at least 8,900 new controllers by 2028, while nearly 7,000 are expected to leave the profession during the same period.

Recruiting potential air traffic controllers is one challenge, but retaining them through the rigorous training process is another hurdle. Candidates must meet strict criteria, including being a U.S. citizen under the age of 31, passing pre-employment tests, and demonstrating clear English communication skills. The FAA also administers an aptitude exam to assess candidates’ suitability for the role.

Successful applicants undergo extensive medical and background checks before embarking on training at the FAA’s Air Traffic Controller Academy in Oklahoma City. The academy curriculum covers a range of topics, from basic airspace management to communication with pilots and weather considerations. Trainees then gain hands-on experience at air traffic control facilities under supervision.

While the median annual wage for air traffic controllers in 2024 was $144,580, salaries vary based on experience and location. Entry-level controllers at smaller airports may earn around $60,000 annually, with opportunities for growth as they gain experience. However, the job can be stressful, requiring quick thinking and decision-making under pressure.

Overall, the shortage of air traffic controllers poses a significant challenge for the nation’s aviation industry. Efforts to recruit and retain qualified individuals in this critical role will be essential to ensure the safety and efficiency of air travel in the years to come.